英语语言发展史？1、盎格鲁――撒克逊时期。从公元前55年到公元五世纪，罗马人两次入侵不列颠，对其统治达400年之久，当时英语还存在只有凯尔特人的语言――凯尔特语。公元410年，罗马人由于应付自己国家局势的变化，被迫离开了不列颠，接踵而来的是日耳曼人，他们有三个部落组成：盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人，那么，英语语言发展史？一起来了解一下吧。
卢恩语(Futhark)→古英语(即盎格鲁-撒克逊语)(Old English、Anglo-Saxon)→英国英语(English)
1.英语的发展要追溯到公元410年，罗马人离开不列颠之后，日耳曼部族包括盎格鲁、萨克逊开始涌入。
2.罗马人走了，没有留下他们使用的拉丁语。反倒是实用的盎格鲁萨克逊语言进入到当地人的语言，带去了新的词汇。
3.公元597年，基督教传入英国。基督教的流行，使当地人更容易接受拉丁文的怪字，如“martyr（烈士）”, “bishop”和 “font”。
4.公元800年，丹麦人入侵英国。维京语言给英语带来了好战意味明显的词汇，英语中共有2000个词汇源于维京人。
5.1066年,征服者威廉入侵不列颠，带来了来自海峡对岸的法语。法语成为了上层阶级与官方事务用语。总的来讲，英文大概从诺曼语中吸收了一万多个单词。
6.1337 年，英法百年战争开始。在这116年的争斗中，英语吸收了法语中的战争词汇，如“armies”, “navies” 及 “soldiers“， 并逐步取代法语，成为当权者的语言。
7.100年之后诞生了莎士比亚。字典告诉我们，莎士比亚大概发明了2000多个新字，包括好用的词汇还有很多当时的流行词汇。
英语作为世界上最通用的语言，你可知道它的起源？英语又是如何发展到今天的统治地位的呢？英语在潮流的发展中曾经受到过什么影响，又经历过多少次重大的语言和词汇的变化呢？请收看BBC精彩纪录片：英语发展史“the adventure of English”。
大约在五世纪左右，日耳曼族入侵英格兰岛，主要有盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特这三个族群。他们的方言发展成古英语。现今一些常用的字汇是从这些Anglo-Saxon的字汇而来，然而英语也受其他语言的影响。
在日耳曼族尚未入侵不列巅时，岛上住的有凯尔特人。在公元前55年的夏天，古罗马凯撒大帝征服了高卢地区的凯尔特人。为了避免不列巅的凯尔特人报复，凯撒想要一举攻下不列巅，然而并未成功。隔年夏天，又再一次入侵不列巅，在不列巅东南角建立了一个据点。至此大约一百年，罗马人未再侵犯不列巅。
在公元43年，革老丢想要得到整个不列巅群岛的统治权，便派了四万人的军队，费时三年，征服了英格兰。此时大约统治了三百年。
410年，罗马帝国受外族入侵，无力维持其他领地的势力，於是撤退，凯尔特人得不到罗马人的保护，受北方蛮族Picts&Scots骚扰，於是凯尔特领袖便请求朱特族人的保护，并割一块在Kents东北角的isle of Thanet给朱特族。
英语的最早形式是由盎格鲁-撒克逊移民于5世纪带到英国的一组西日耳曼语（Ingvaeonic）方言，被统称为古英语。中古英语始于11世纪末，诺曼征服英格兰；这是该语言受到法语影响的时期。早期现代英语始于15世纪后期引进的的印刷机到伦敦，在印刷国王詹姆斯圣经和开始元音大推移。
自17世纪以来，现代英语在英国和美国的广泛影响下在世界各地传播。通过各类这些国家的印刷和电子媒体，英语已成为国际主导语言之一，在许多地区和专业的环境下的语言也有主导地位，例如科学、导航和法律。
地理分布
由于英国过去在世界各地有许多殖民地的缘故，因此在现代，英语在许多国家与地区，都是通用语言或官方语言之一：
英语在下列国家和地区是第一语言：英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、百慕大、圭亚那、牙买加、新西兰、圣基茨和尼维斯和特立尼达和多巴哥。
英语在下列国家和地区中是通用语言，这些国家和地区包括多米尼克、圣路西亚和圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、密克罗尼西亚联邦、塞浦路斯。
英语是下列国家和地区的官方语言（之一）：斐济、新加坡、加纳、冈比亚、基里巴斯、肯尼亚、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、马绍尔群岛、巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛。
A Brief History of the English Language (英语语言简史)
Old English, until 1066
Immigrants from Denmark and NW Germany arrived in Britain in the 5th and 6th Centuries A.D., speaking in related dialects belonging to the Germanic and Teutonic branches of the Indo-European language family. Today, English is most closely related to Flemish, Dutch, and German, and is somewhat related to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. Icelandic, unchanged for 1,000 years, is very close to Old English. Viking invasions, begun in the 8th Century, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence which lasted until the Norman Conquest of 1066.
Old English Words
The Angles came from an angle-shaped land area in contemporary Germany. Their name "Angli" from the Latin and commonly-spoken, pre-5th Century German mutated into the Old English "Engle". Later, "Engle" changed to "Angel-cyn" meaning "Angle-race" by A.D. 1000, changing to "Engla-land". Some Old English words which have survived intact include: feet, geese, teeth, men, women, lice, and mice. The modern word "like" can be a noun, adjective, verb, and preposition. In Old English, though, the word was different for each type: gelica as a noun, geic as an adjective, lician as a verb, and gelice as a preposition.
Middle English, from 1066 until the 15th Century
The Norman Invasion and Conquest of Britain in 1066 and the resulting French Court of William the Conqueror gave the Norwegian-Dutch influenced English a Norman-Parisian-French effect. From 1066 until about 1400, Latin, French, and English were spoken. English almost disappeared entirely into obscurity during this period by the French and Latin dominated court and government. However, in 1362, the Parliament opened with English as the language of choice, and the language was saved from extinction. Present-day English is approximately 50% Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and 50% Romance (French and Latin).
Middle English Words
Many new words added to Middle English during this period came from Norman French, Parisian French, and Scandinavian. Norman French words imported into Middle English include: catch, wage, warden, reward, and warrant. Parisian French gave Middle English: chase, guarantee, regard, guardian, and gage. Scandinavian gave to Middle English the important word of law. English nobility had titles which were derived from both Middle English and French. French provided: prince, duke, peer, marquis, viscount, and baron. Middle English independently developed king, queen, lord, lady, and earl. Governmental administrative divisions from French include county, city, village, justice, palace, mansion, and residence. Middle English words include town, home, house, and hall.
Early Modern English, from the 15th Century to the 17th Century
During this period, English became more organized and began to resemble the modern version of English. Although the word order and sentence construction was still slightly different, Early Modern English was at least recognizable to the Early Modern English speaker. For example, the Old English "To us pleases sailing" became "We like sailing." Classical elements, from Greek and Latin, profoundly influenced work creation and origin. From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Also, the "tele-" prefix meaning "far" later used to develop telephone and television was taken.
Modern English, from the 17th Century to Modern Times
Modern English developed through the efforts of literary and political writings, where literacy was uniformly found. Modern English was heavily influenced by classical usage, the emergence of the university-educated class, Shakespeare, the common language found in the East Midlands section of present-day England, and an organized effort to document and standardize English. Current inflections have remained almost unchanged for 400 years, but sounds of vowels and consonants have changed greatly. As a result, spelling has also changed considerably. For example, from Early English to Modern English, lyf became life, deel became deal, hoom became home, mone became moon, and hous became house.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern English
Modern English is composed of several languages, with grammar rules, spelling, and word usage both complimenting and competing for clarity. The disadvantages of Modern English include: an alphabet which is unable to adequately represent all needed sounds without using repeated or combined letters, a limit of 23 letters of the 26 in the alphabet which can effectively express twice the number of sounds actually needed, and a system of spelling which is not based upon pronunciation but foreign language word origin and countless changes throughout history. The advantages of Modern English include: single consonants which are clearly understood and usually represent the same sounds in the same positions, the lack of accent marks found in other languages which permits quicker writing, and the present spelling displays European language origins and connections which allows European language speakers to become immediately aware of thousands of words.
Modern English Words
British English, known as Standard English or Oxford English, underwent changes as the colonization of North American and the creation of the United States occurred. British English words changed into American English words, such as centre to center, metre to meter, theatre to theater, favour to favor, honour to honor, labour to labor, neighbour to neighbor, cheque to check, connexion to connection, gaol to jail, the storey of a house to story, and tyre for tire. Since 1900, words with consistent spelling but different meanings from British English to American English include: to let for to rent, dual carriageway for divided highway, lift for elevator, amber for yellow, to ring for to telephone, zebra crossing for pedestrian crossing, and pavement for sidewalk.
American English, from the 18th Century until Modern Times
Until the 18th Century, British and American English were remarkably similar with almost no variance. Immigration to America by other English peoples changed the language by 1700. Noah Webster, author of the first authoritative American English dictionary, created many changes. The "-re" endings became "-er" and the "-our" endings became "-or". Spelling by pronunciation and personal choice from Webster were influences.
Cough, Sought, Thorough, Thought, and Through
Why do these "ough" words have the same central spelling but are so different? This is a characteristic of English, which imported similarly spelled or defined words from different languages over the past 1,000 years.
Cough
From the Middle High German kuchen meaning to breathe heavily, to the French-Old English cohhian, to the Middle English coughen is derived the current word cough.
Sought
From the Greek hegeisthai meaning to lead, to the Latin sagire meaning to perceive keenly, to the Old High German suohhen meaning to seek, to the French-Old English secan, to the Middle English sekken, is derived the past tense sought of the present tense of the verb to seek.
Thorough
From the French-Old English thurh and thuruh to the Middle English thorow is derived the current word thorough.
Thought
From the Old English thencan, which is related to the French-Old English word hoht, which remained the same in Middle English, is derived the current word thought.
Through
From the Sanskrit word tarati, meaning he crossed over, came the Latin word, trans meaning across or beyond. Beginning with Old High German durh, to the French-Old English thurh, to the Middle English thurh, thruh, or through, is derived the current word through.(
卢恩语(Futhark)→古英语(即盎格鲁-撒克逊语)(Old English、Anglo-Saxon)→英国英语(English)
1.英语的发展要追溯到公元410年，罗马人离开不列颠之后，日耳曼部族包括盎格鲁、萨克逊开始涌入。
2.罗马人走了，没有留下他们使用的拉丁语。反倒是实用的盎格鲁萨克逊语言进入到当地人的语言，带去了新的词汇。
3.公元597年，基督教传入英国。基督教的流行，使当地人更容易接受拉丁文的怪字，如“martyr（烈士）”, “bishop”和 “font”。
4.公元800年，丹麦人入侵英国。维京语言给英语带来了好战意味明显的词汇，英语中共有2000个词汇源于维京人。
5.1066年,征服者威廉入侵不列颠，带来了来自海峡对岸的法语。法语成为了上层阶级与官方事务用语。总的来讲，英文大概从诺曼语中吸收了一万多个单词。
6.1337 年，英法百年战争开始。在这116年的争斗中，英语吸收了法语中的战争词汇，如“armies”, “navies” 及 “soldiers“， 并逐步取代法语，成为当权者的语言。
7.100年之后诞生了莎士比亚。字典告诉我们，莎士比亚大概发明了2000多个新字，包括好用的词汇还有很多当时的流行词汇。
以上就是英语语言发展史的全部内容，英语从古英语到标准英语的语言变迁过程如下：古英语的起源：英语最初是由日耳曼部落带入英国的，这一过程发生在罗马不列颠时期之后。古英语书面语开始形成，并伴随着写作手迹的发展。中世纪英语的发展：在古英语阶段，方言与政治边界密切相关，同时丹麦和挪威维京人的影响也对英语产生了作用。内容来源于互联网，信息真伪需自行辨别。如有侵权请联系删除。
